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class-wp-meta-query.php (27842B)

---

 <?php
 /**
  * Meta API: WP_Meta_Query class
  *
  * @package WordPress
  * @subpackage Meta
  * @since 4.4.0
  */
 
 /**
  * Core class used to implement meta queries for the Meta API.
  *
  * Used for generating SQL clauses that filter a primary query according to metadata keys and values.
  *
  * WP_Meta_Query is a helper that allows primary query classes, such as WP_Query and WP_User_Query,
  *
  * to filter their results by object metadata, by generating `JOIN` and `WHERE` subclauses to be attached
  * to the primary SQL query string.
  *
  * @since 3.2.0
  */
 class WP_Meta_Query {
 	/**
 	 * Array of metadata queries.
 	 *
 	 * See WP_Meta_Query::__construct() for information on meta query arguments.
 	 *
 	 * @since 3.2.0
 	 * @var array
 	 */
 	public $queries = array();
 
 	/**
 	 * The relation between the queries. Can be one of 'AND' or 'OR'.
 	 *
 	 * @since 3.2.0
 	 * @var string
 	 */
 	public $relation;
 
 	/**
 	 * Database table to query for the metadata.
 	 *
 	 * @since 4.1.0
 	 * @var string
 	 */
 	public $meta_table;
 
 	/**
 	 * Column in meta_table that represents the ID of the object the metadata belongs to.
 	 *
 	 * @since 4.1.0
 	 * @var string
 	 */
 	public $meta_id_column;
 
 	/**
 	 * Database table that where the metadata's objects are stored (eg $wpdb->users).
 	 *
 	 * @since 4.1.0
 	 * @var string
 	 */
 	public $primary_table;
 
 	/**
 	 * Column in primary_table that represents the ID of the object.
 	 *
 	 * @since 4.1.0
 	 * @var string
 	 */
 	public $primary_id_column;
 
 	/**
 	 * A flat list of table aliases used in JOIN clauses.
 	 *
 	 * @since 4.1.0
 	 * @var array
 	 */
 	protected $table_aliases = array();
 
 	/**
 	 * A flat list of clauses, keyed by clause 'name'.
 	 *
 	 * @since 4.2.0
 	 * @var array
 	 */
 	protected $clauses = array();
 
 	/**
 	 * Whether the query contains any OR relations.
 	 *
 	 * @since 4.3.0
 	 * @var bool
 	 */
 	protected $has_or_relation = false;
 
 	/**
 	 * Constructor.
 	 *
 	 * @since 3.2.0
 	 * @since 4.2.0 Introduced support for naming query clauses by associative array keys.
 	 * @since 5.1.0 Introduced $compare_key clause parameter, which enables LIKE key matches.
 	 * @since 5.3.0 Increased the number of operators available to $compare_key. Introduced $type_key,
 	 *              which enables the $key to be cast to a new data type for comparisons.
 	 *
 	 * @param array $meta_query {
 	 *     Array of meta query clauses. When first-order clauses or sub-clauses use strings as
 	 *     their array keys, they may be referenced in the 'orderby' parameter of the parent query.
 	 *
 	 *     @type string $relation Optional. The MySQL keyword used to join
 	 *                            the clauses of the query. Accepts 'AND', or 'OR'. Default 'AND'.
 	 *     @type array  ...$0 {
 	 *         Optional. An array of first-order clause parameters, or another fully-formed meta query.
 	 *
 	 *         @type string $key         Meta key to filter by.
 	 *         @type string $compare_key MySQL operator used for comparing the $key. Accepts '=', '!='
 	 *                                   'LIKE', 'NOT LIKE', 'IN', 'NOT IN', 'REGEXP', 'NOT REGEXP', 'RLIKE',
 	 *                                   'EXISTS' (alias of '=') or 'NOT EXISTS' (alias of '!=').
 	 *                                   Default is 'IN' when `$key` is an array, '=' otherwise.
 	 *         @type string $type_key    MySQL data type that the meta_key column will be CAST to for
 	 *                                   comparisons. Accepts 'BINARY' for case-sensitive regular expression
 	 *                                   comparisons. Default is ''.
 	 *         @type string $value       Meta value to filter by.
 	 *         @type string $compare     MySQL operator used for comparing the $value. Accepts '=',
 	 *                                   '!=', '>', '>=', '<', '<=', 'LIKE', 'NOT LIKE',
 	 *                                   'IN', 'NOT IN', 'BETWEEN', 'NOT BETWEEN', 'REGEXP',
 	 *                                   'NOT REGEXP', 'RLIKE', 'EXISTS' or 'NOT EXISTS'.
 	 *                                   Default is 'IN' when `$value` is an array, '=' otherwise.
 	 *         @type string $type        MySQL data type that the meta_value column will be CAST to for
 	 *                                   comparisons. Accepts 'NUMERIC', 'BINARY', 'CHAR', 'DATE',
 	 *                                   'DATETIME', 'DECIMAL', 'SIGNED', 'TIME', or 'UNSIGNED'.
 	 *                                   Default is 'CHAR'.
 	 *     }
 	 * }
 	 */
 	public function __construct( $meta_query = false ) {
 		if ( ! $meta_query ) {
 			return;
 		}
 
 		if ( isset( $meta_query['relation'] ) && 'OR' === strtoupper( $meta_query['relation'] ) ) {
 			$this->relation = 'OR';
 		} else {
 			$this->relation = 'AND';
 		}
 
 		$this->queries = $this->sanitize_query( $meta_query );
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Ensure the 'meta_query' argument passed to the class constructor is well-formed.
 	 *
 	 * Eliminates empty items and ensures that a 'relation' is set.
 	 *
 	 * @since 4.1.0
 	 *
 	 * @param array $queries Array of query clauses.
 	 * @return array Sanitized array of query clauses.
 	 */
 	public function sanitize_query( $queries ) {
 		$clean_queries = array();
 
 		if ( ! is_array( $queries ) ) {
 			return $clean_queries;
 		}
 
 		foreach ( $queries as $key => $query ) {
 			if ( 'relation' === $key ) {
 				$relation = $query;
 
 			} elseif ( ! is_array( $query ) ) {
 				continue;
 
 				// First-order clause.
 			} elseif ( $this->is_first_order_clause( $query ) ) {
 				if ( isset( $query['value'] ) && array() === $query['value'] ) {
 					unset( $query['value'] );
 				}
 
 				$clean_queries[ $key ] = $query;
 
 				// Otherwise, it's a nested query, so we recurse.
 			} else {
 				$cleaned_query = $this->sanitize_query( $query );
 
 				if ( ! empty( $cleaned_query ) ) {
 					$clean_queries[ $key ] = $cleaned_query;
 				}
 			}
 		}
 
 		if ( empty( $clean_queries ) ) {
 			return $clean_queries;
 		}
 
 		// Sanitize the 'relation' key provided in the query.
 		if ( isset( $relation ) && 'OR' === strtoupper( $relation ) ) {
 			$clean_queries['relation'] = 'OR';
 			$this->has_or_relation     = true;
 
 			/*
 			* If there is only a single clause, call the relation 'OR'.
 			* This value will not actually be used to join clauses, but it
 			* simplifies the logic around combining key-only queries.
 			*/
 		} elseif ( 1 === count( $clean_queries ) ) {
 			$clean_queries['relation'] = 'OR';
 
 			// Default to AND.
 		} else {
 			$clean_queries['relation'] = 'AND';
 		}
 
 		return $clean_queries;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Determine whether a query clause is first-order.
 	 *
 	 * A first-order meta query clause is one that has either a 'key' or
 	 * a 'value' array key.
 	 *
 	 * @since 4.1.0
 	 *
 	 * @param array $query Meta query arguments.
 	 * @return bool Whether the query clause is a first-order clause.
 	 */
 	protected function is_first_order_clause( $query ) {
 		return isset( $query['key'] ) || isset( $query['value'] );
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Constructs a meta query based on 'meta_*' query vars
 	 *
 	 * @since 3.2.0
 	 *
 	 * @param array $qv The query variables
 	 */
 	public function parse_query_vars( $qv ) {
 		$meta_query = array();
 
 		/*
 		 * For orderby=meta_value to work correctly, simple query needs to be
 		 * first (so that its table join is against an unaliased meta table) and
 		 * needs to be its own clause (so it doesn't interfere with the logic of
 		 * the rest of the meta_query).
 		 */
 		$primary_meta_query = array();
 		foreach ( array( 'key', 'compare', 'type', 'compare_key', 'type_key' ) as $key ) {
 			if ( ! empty( $qv[ "meta_$key" ] ) ) {
 				$primary_meta_query[ $key ] = $qv[ "meta_$key" ];
 			}
 		}
 
 		// WP_Query sets 'meta_value' = '' by default.
 		if ( isset( $qv['meta_value'] ) && '' !== $qv['meta_value'] && ( ! is_array( $qv['meta_value'] ) || $qv['meta_value'] ) ) {
 			$primary_meta_query['value'] = $qv['meta_value'];
 		}
 
 		$existing_meta_query = isset( $qv['meta_query'] ) && is_array( $qv['meta_query'] ) ? $qv['meta_query'] : array();
 
 		if ( ! empty( $primary_meta_query ) && ! empty( $existing_meta_query ) ) {
 			$meta_query = array(
 				'relation' => 'AND',
 				$primary_meta_query,
 				$existing_meta_query,
 			);
 		} elseif ( ! empty( $primary_meta_query ) ) {
 			$meta_query = array(
 				$primary_meta_query,
 			);
 		} elseif ( ! empty( $existing_meta_query ) ) {
 			$meta_query = $existing_meta_query;
 		}
 
 		$this->__construct( $meta_query );
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Return the appropriate alias for the given meta type if applicable.
 	 *
 	 * @since 3.7.0
 	 *
 	 * @param string $type MySQL type to cast meta_value.
 	 * @return string MySQL type.
 	 */
 	public function get_cast_for_type( $type = '' ) {
 		if ( empty( $type ) ) {
 			return 'CHAR';
 		}
 
 		$meta_type = strtoupper( $type );
 
 		if ( ! preg_match( '/^(?:BINARY|CHAR|DATE|DATETIME|SIGNED|UNSIGNED|TIME|NUMERIC(?:\(\d+(?:,\s?\d+)?\))?|DECIMAL(?:\(\d+(?:,\s?\d+)?\))?)$/', $meta_type ) ) {
 			return 'CHAR';
 		}
 
 		if ( 'NUMERIC' === $meta_type ) {
 			$meta_type = 'SIGNED';
 		}
 
 		return $meta_type;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Generates SQL clauses to be appended to a main query.
 	 *
 	 * @since 3.2.0
 	 *
 	 * @param string $type              Type of meta, eg 'user', 'post'.
 	 * @param string $primary_table     Database table where the object being filtered is stored (eg wp_users).
 	 * @param string $primary_id_column ID column for the filtered object in $primary_table.
 	 * @param object $context           Optional. The main query object.
 	 * @return array|false {
 	 *     Array containing JOIN and WHERE SQL clauses to append to the main query.
 	 *
 	 *     @type string $join  SQL fragment to append to the main JOIN clause.
 	 *     @type string $where SQL fragment to append to the main WHERE clause.
 	 * }
 	 */
 	public function get_sql( $type, $primary_table, $primary_id_column, $context = null ) {
 		$meta_table = _get_meta_table( $type );
 		if ( ! $meta_table ) {
 			return false;
 		}
 
 		$this->table_aliases = array();
 
 		$this->meta_table     = $meta_table;
 		$this->meta_id_column = sanitize_key( $type . '_id' );
 
 		$this->primary_table     = $primary_table;
 		$this->primary_id_column = $primary_id_column;
 
 		$sql = $this->get_sql_clauses();
 
 		/*
 		 * If any JOINs are LEFT JOINs (as in the case of NOT EXISTS), then all JOINs should
 		 * be LEFT. Otherwise posts with no metadata will be excluded from results.
 		 */
 		if ( false !== strpos( $sql['join'], 'LEFT JOIN' ) ) {
 			$sql['join'] = str_replace( 'INNER JOIN', 'LEFT JOIN', $sql['join'] );
 		}
 
 		/**
 		 * Filters the meta query's generated SQL.
 		 *
 		 * @since 3.1.0
 		 *
 		 * @param array  $sql               Array containing the query's JOIN and WHERE clauses.
 		 * @param array  $queries           Array of meta queries.
 		 * @param string $type              Type of meta.
 		 * @param string $primary_table     Primary table.
 		 * @param string $primary_id_column Primary column ID.
 		 * @param object $context           The main query object.
 		 */
 		return apply_filters_ref_array( 'get_meta_sql', array( $sql, $this->queries, $type, $primary_table, $primary_id_column, $context ) );
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Generate SQL clauses to be appended to a main query.
 	 *
 	 * Called by the public WP_Meta_Query::get_sql(), this method is abstracted
 	 * out to maintain parity with the other Query classes.
 	 *
 	 * @since 4.1.0
 	 *
 	 * @return array {
 	 *     Array containing JOIN and WHERE SQL clauses to append to the main query.
 	 *
 	 *     @type string $join  SQL fragment to append to the main JOIN clause.
 	 *     @type string $where SQL fragment to append to the main WHERE clause.
 	 * }
 	 */
 	protected function get_sql_clauses() {
 		/*
 		 * $queries are passed by reference to get_sql_for_query() for recursion.
 		 * To keep $this->queries unaltered, pass a copy.
 		 */
 		$queries = $this->queries;
 		$sql     = $this->get_sql_for_query( $queries );
 
 		if ( ! empty( $sql['where'] ) ) {
 			$sql['where'] = ' AND ' . $sql['where'];
 		}
 
 		return $sql;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Generate SQL clauses for a single query array.
 	 *
 	 * If nested subqueries are found, this method recurses the tree to
 	 * produce the properly nested SQL.
 	 *
 	 * @since 4.1.0
 	 *
 	 * @param array $query Query to parse (passed by reference).
 	 * @param int   $depth Optional. Number of tree levels deep we currently are.
 	 *                     Used to calculate indentation. Default 0.
 	 * @return array {
 	 *     Array containing JOIN and WHERE SQL clauses to append to a single query array.
 	 *
 	 *     @type string $join  SQL fragment to append to the main JOIN clause.
 	 *     @type string $where SQL fragment to append to the main WHERE clause.
 	 * }
 	 */
 	protected function get_sql_for_query( &$query, $depth = 0 ) {
 		$sql_chunks = array(
 			'join'  => array(),
 			'where' => array(),
 		);
 
 		$sql = array(
 			'join'  => '',
 			'where' => '',
 		);
 
 		$indent = '';
 		for ( $i = 0; $i < $depth; $i++ ) {
 			$indent .= '  ';
 		}
 
 		foreach ( $query as $key => &$clause ) {
 			if ( 'relation' === $key ) {
 				$relation = $query['relation'];
 			} elseif ( is_array( $clause ) ) {
 
 				// This is a first-order clause.
 				if ( $this->is_first_order_clause( $clause ) ) {
 					$clause_sql = $this->get_sql_for_clause( $clause, $query, $key );
 
 					$where_count = count( $clause_sql['where'] );
 					if ( ! $where_count ) {
 						$sql_chunks['where'][] = '';
 					} elseif ( 1 === $where_count ) {
 						$sql_chunks['where'][] = $clause_sql['where'][0];
 					} else {
 						$sql_chunks['where'][] = '( ' . implode( ' AND ', $clause_sql['where'] ) . ' )';
 					}
 
 					$sql_chunks['join'] = array_merge( $sql_chunks['join'], $clause_sql['join'] );
 					// This is a subquery, so we recurse.
 				} else {
 					$clause_sql = $this->get_sql_for_query( $clause, $depth + 1 );
 
 					$sql_chunks['where'][] = $clause_sql['where'];
 					$sql_chunks['join'][]  = $clause_sql['join'];
 				}
 			}
 		}
 
 		// Filter to remove empties.
 		$sql_chunks['join']  = array_filter( $sql_chunks['join'] );
 		$sql_chunks['where'] = array_filter( $sql_chunks['where'] );
 
 		if ( empty( $relation ) ) {
 			$relation = 'AND';
 		}
 
 		// Filter duplicate JOIN clauses and combine into a single string.
 		if ( ! empty( $sql_chunks['join'] ) ) {
 			$sql['join'] = implode( ' ', array_unique( $sql_chunks['join'] ) );
 		}
 
 		// Generate a single WHERE clause with proper brackets and indentation.
 		if ( ! empty( $sql_chunks['where'] ) ) {
 			$sql['where'] = '( ' . "\n  " . $indent . implode( ' ' . "\n  " . $indent . $relation . ' ' . "\n  " . $indent, $sql_chunks['where'] ) . "\n" . $indent . ')';
 		}
 
 		return $sql;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Generate SQL JOIN and WHERE clauses for a first-order query clause.
 	 *
 	 * "First-order" means that it's an array with a 'key' or 'value'.
 	 *
 	 * @since 4.1.0
 	 *
 	 * @global wpdb $wpdb WordPress database abstraction object.
 	 *
 	 * @param array  $clause       Query clause (passed by reference).
 	 * @param array  $parent_query Parent query array.
 	 * @param string $clause_key   Optional. The array key used to name the clause in the original `$meta_query`
 	 *                             parameters. If not provided, a key will be generated automatically.
 	 * @return array {
 	 *     Array containing JOIN and WHERE SQL clauses to append to a first-order query.
 	 *
 	 *     @type string $join  SQL fragment to append to the main JOIN clause.
 	 *     @type string $where SQL fragment to append to the main WHERE clause.
 	 * }
 	 */
 	public function get_sql_for_clause( &$clause, $parent_query, $clause_key = '' ) {
 		global $wpdb;
 
 		$sql_chunks = array(
 			'where' => array(),
 			'join'  => array(),
 		);
 
 		if ( isset( $clause['compare'] ) ) {
 			$clause['compare'] = strtoupper( $clause['compare'] );
 		} else {
 			$clause['compare'] = isset( $clause['value'] ) && is_array( $clause['value'] ) ? 'IN' : '=';
 		}
 
 		$non_numeric_operators = array(
 			'=',
 			'!=',
 			'LIKE',
 			'NOT LIKE',
 			'IN',
 			'NOT IN',
 			'EXISTS',
 			'NOT EXISTS',
 			'RLIKE',
 			'REGEXP',
 			'NOT REGEXP',
 		);
 
 		$numeric_operators = array(
 			'>',
 			'>=',
 			'<',
 			'<=',
 			'BETWEEN',
 			'NOT BETWEEN',
 		);
 
 		if ( ! in_array( $clause['compare'], $non_numeric_operators, true ) && ! in_array( $clause['compare'], $numeric_operators, true ) ) {
 			$clause['compare'] = '=';
 		}
 
 		if ( isset( $clause['compare_key'] ) ) {
 			$clause['compare_key'] = strtoupper( $clause['compare_key'] );
 		} else {
 			$clause['compare_key'] = isset( $clause['key'] ) && is_array( $clause['key'] ) ? 'IN' : '=';
 		}
 
 		if ( ! in_array( $clause['compare_key'], $non_numeric_operators, true ) ) {
 			$clause['compare_key'] = '=';
 		}
 
 		$meta_compare     = $clause['compare'];
 		$meta_compare_key = $clause['compare_key'];
 
 		// First build the JOIN clause, if one is required.
 		$join = '';
 
 		// We prefer to avoid joins if possible. Look for an existing join compatible with this clause.
 		$alias = $this->find_compatible_table_alias( $clause, $parent_query );
 		if ( false === $alias ) {
 			$i     = count( $this->table_aliases );
 			$alias = $i ? 'mt' . $i : $this->meta_table;
 
 			// JOIN clauses for NOT EXISTS have their own syntax.
 			if ( 'NOT EXISTS' === $meta_compare ) {
 				$join .= " LEFT JOIN $this->meta_table";
 				$join .= $i ? " AS $alias" : '';
 
 				if ( 'LIKE' === $meta_compare_key ) {
 					$join .= $wpdb->prepare( " ON ( $this->primary_table.$this->primary_id_column = $alias.$this->meta_id_column AND $alias.meta_key LIKE %s )", '%' . $wpdb->esc_like( $clause['key'] ) . '%' );
 				} else {
 					$join .= $wpdb->prepare( " ON ( $this->primary_table.$this->primary_id_column = $alias.$this->meta_id_column AND $alias.meta_key = %s )", $clause['key'] );
 				}
 
 				// All other JOIN clauses.
 			} else {
 				$join .= " INNER JOIN $this->meta_table";
 				$join .= $i ? " AS $alias" : '';
 				$join .= " ON ( $this->primary_table.$this->primary_id_column = $alias.$this->meta_id_column )";
 			}
 
 			$this->table_aliases[] = $alias;
 			$sql_chunks['join'][]  = $join;
 		}
 
 		// Save the alias to this clause, for future siblings to find.
 		$clause['alias'] = $alias;
 
 		// Determine the data type.
 		$_meta_type     = isset( $clause['type'] ) ? $clause['type'] : '';
 		$meta_type      = $this->get_cast_for_type( $_meta_type );
 		$clause['cast'] = $meta_type;
 
 		// Fallback for clause keys is the table alias. Key must be a string.
 		if ( is_int( $clause_key ) || ! $clause_key ) {
 			$clause_key = $clause['alias'];
 		}
 
 		// Ensure unique clause keys, so none are overwritten.
 		$iterator        = 1;
 		$clause_key_base = $clause_key;
 		while ( isset( $this->clauses[ $clause_key ] ) ) {
 			$clause_key = $clause_key_base . '-' . $iterator;
 			$iterator++;
 		}
 
 		// Store the clause in our flat array.
 		$this->clauses[ $clause_key ] =& $clause;
 
 		// Next, build the WHERE clause.
 
 		// meta_key.
 		if ( array_key_exists( 'key', $clause ) ) {
 			if ( 'NOT EXISTS' === $meta_compare ) {
 				$sql_chunks['where'][] = $alias . '.' . $this->meta_id_column . ' IS NULL';
 			} else {
 				/**
 				 * In joined clauses negative operators have to be nested into a
 				 * NOT EXISTS clause and flipped, to avoid returning records with
 				 * matching post IDs but different meta keys. Here we prepare the
 				 * nested clause.
 				 */
 				if ( in_array( $meta_compare_key, array( '!=', 'NOT IN', 'NOT LIKE', 'NOT EXISTS', 'NOT REGEXP' ), true ) ) {
 					// Negative clauses may be reused.
 					$i                     = count( $this->table_aliases );
 					$subquery_alias        = $i ? 'mt' . $i : $this->meta_table;
 					$this->table_aliases[] = $subquery_alias;
 
 					$meta_compare_string_start  = 'NOT EXISTS (';
 					$meta_compare_string_start .= "SELECT 1 FROM $wpdb->postmeta $subquery_alias ";
 					$meta_compare_string_start .= "WHERE $subquery_alias.post_ID = $alias.post_ID ";
 					$meta_compare_string_end    = 'LIMIT 1';
 					$meta_compare_string_end   .= ')';
 				}
 
 				switch ( $meta_compare_key ) {
 					case '=':
 					case 'EXISTS':
 						$where = $wpdb->prepare( "$alias.meta_key = %s", trim( $clause['key'] ) ); // phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.PreparedSQL.InterpolatedNotPrepared
 						break;
 					case 'LIKE':
 						$meta_compare_value = '%' . $wpdb->esc_like( trim( $clause['key'] ) ) . '%';
 						$where              = $wpdb->prepare( "$alias.meta_key LIKE %s", $meta_compare_value ); // phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.PreparedSQL.InterpolatedNotPrepared
 						break;
 					case 'IN':
 						$meta_compare_string = "$alias.meta_key IN (" . substr( str_repeat( ',%s', count( $clause['key'] ) ), 1 ) . ')';
 						$where               = $wpdb->prepare( $meta_compare_string, $clause['key'] ); // phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.PreparedSQL.NotPrepared
 						break;
 					case 'RLIKE':
 					case 'REGEXP':
 						$operator = $meta_compare_key;
 						if ( isset( $clause['type_key'] ) && 'BINARY' === strtoupper( $clause['type_key'] ) ) {
 							$cast = 'BINARY';
 						} else {
 							$cast = '';
 						}
 						$where = $wpdb->prepare( "$alias.meta_key $operator $cast %s", trim( $clause['key'] ) ); // phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.PreparedSQL.InterpolatedNotPrepared
 						break;
 
 					case '!=':
 					case 'NOT EXISTS':
 						$meta_compare_string = $meta_compare_string_start . "AND $subquery_alias.meta_key = %s " . $meta_compare_string_end;
 						$where               = $wpdb->prepare( $meta_compare_string, $clause['key'] ); // phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.PreparedSQL.NotPrepared
 						break;
 					case 'NOT LIKE':
 						$meta_compare_string = $meta_compare_string_start . "AND $subquery_alias.meta_key LIKE %s " . $meta_compare_string_end;
 
 						$meta_compare_value = '%' . $wpdb->esc_like( trim( $clause['key'] ) ) . '%';
 						$where              = $wpdb->prepare( $meta_compare_string, $meta_compare_value ); // phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.PreparedSQL.NotPrepared
 						break;
 					case 'NOT IN':
 						$array_subclause     = '(' . substr( str_repeat( ',%s', count( $clause['key'] ) ), 1 ) . ') ';
 						$meta_compare_string = $meta_compare_string_start . "AND $subquery_alias.meta_key IN " . $array_subclause . $meta_compare_string_end;
 						$where               = $wpdb->prepare( $meta_compare_string, $clause['key'] ); // phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.PreparedSQL.NotPrepared
 						break;
 					case 'NOT REGEXP':
 						$operator = $meta_compare_key;
 						if ( isset( $clause['type_key'] ) && 'BINARY' === strtoupper( $clause['type_key'] ) ) {
 							$cast = 'BINARY';
 						} else {
 							$cast = '';
 						}
 
 						$meta_compare_string = $meta_compare_string_start . "AND $subquery_alias.meta_key REGEXP $cast %s " . $meta_compare_string_end;
 						$where               = $wpdb->prepare( $meta_compare_string, $clause['key'] ); // phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.PreparedSQL.NotPrepared
 						break;
 				}
 
 				$sql_chunks['where'][] = $where;
 			}
 		}
 
 		// meta_value.
 		if ( array_key_exists( 'value', $clause ) ) {
 			$meta_value = $clause['value'];
 
 			if ( in_array( $meta_compare, array( 'IN', 'NOT IN', 'BETWEEN', 'NOT BETWEEN' ), true ) ) {
 				if ( ! is_array( $meta_value ) ) {
 					$meta_value = preg_split( '/[,\s]+/', $meta_value );
 				}
 			} else {
 				$meta_value = trim( $meta_value );
 			}
 
 			switch ( $meta_compare ) {
 				case 'IN':
 				case 'NOT IN':
 					$meta_compare_string = '(' . substr( str_repeat( ',%s', count( $meta_value ) ), 1 ) . ')';
 					$where               = $wpdb->prepare( $meta_compare_string, $meta_value );
 					break;
 
 				case 'BETWEEN':
 				case 'NOT BETWEEN':
 					$where = $wpdb->prepare( '%s AND %s', $meta_value[0], $meta_value[1] );
 					break;
 
 				case 'LIKE':
 				case 'NOT LIKE':
 					$meta_value = '%' . $wpdb->esc_like( $meta_value ) . '%';
 					$where      = $wpdb->prepare( '%s', $meta_value );
 					break;
 
 				// EXISTS with a value is interpreted as '='.
 				case 'EXISTS':
 					$meta_compare = '=';
 					$where        = $wpdb->prepare( '%s', $meta_value );
 					break;
 
 				// 'value' is ignored for NOT EXISTS.
 				case 'NOT EXISTS':
 					$where = '';
 					break;
 
 				default:
 					$where = $wpdb->prepare( '%s', $meta_value );
 					break;
 
 			}
 
 			if ( $where ) {
 				if ( 'CHAR' === $meta_type ) {
 					$sql_chunks['where'][] = "$alias.meta_value {$meta_compare} {$where}";
 				} else {
 					$sql_chunks['where'][] = "CAST($alias.meta_value AS {$meta_type}) {$meta_compare} {$where}";
 				}
 			}
 		}
 
 		/*
 		 * Multiple WHERE clauses (for meta_key and meta_value) should
 		 * be joined in parentheses.
 		 */
 		if ( 1 < count( $sql_chunks['where'] ) ) {
 			$sql_chunks['where'] = array( '( ' . implode( ' AND ', $sql_chunks['where'] ) . ' )' );
 		}
 
 		return $sql_chunks;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Get a flattened list of sanitized meta clauses.
 	 *
 	 * This array should be used for clause lookup, as when the table alias and CAST type must be determined for
 	 * a value of 'orderby' corresponding to a meta clause.
 	 *
 	 * @since 4.2.0
 	 *
 	 * @return array Meta clauses.
 	 */
 	public function get_clauses() {
 		return $this->clauses;
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Identify an existing table alias that is compatible with the current
 	 * query clause.
 	 *
 	 * We avoid unnecessary table joins by allowing each clause to look for
 	 * an existing table alias that is compatible with the query that it
 	 * needs to perform.
 	 *
 	 * An existing alias is compatible if (a) it is a sibling of `$clause`
 	 * (ie, it's under the scope of the same relation), and (b) the combination
 	 * of operator and relation between the clauses allows for a shared table join.
 	 * In the case of WP_Meta_Query, this only applies to 'IN' clauses that are
 	 * connected by the relation 'OR'.
 	 *
 	 * @since 4.1.0
 	 *
 	 * @param array $clause       Query clause.
 	 * @param array $parent_query Parent query of $clause.
 	 * @return string|false Table alias if found, otherwise false.
 	 */
 	protected function find_compatible_table_alias( $clause, $parent_query ) {
 		$alias = false;
 
 		foreach ( $parent_query as $sibling ) {
 			// If the sibling has no alias yet, there's nothing to check.
 			if ( empty( $sibling['alias'] ) ) {
 				continue;
 			}
 
 			// We're only interested in siblings that are first-order clauses.
 			if ( ! is_array( $sibling ) || ! $this->is_first_order_clause( $sibling ) ) {
 				continue;
 			}
 
 			$compatible_compares = array();
 
 			// Clauses connected by OR can share joins as long as they have "positive" operators.
 			if ( 'OR' === $parent_query['relation'] ) {
 				$compatible_compares = array( '=', 'IN', 'BETWEEN', 'LIKE', 'REGEXP', 'RLIKE', '>', '>=', '<', '<=' );
 
 				// Clauses joined by AND with "negative" operators share a join only if they also share a key.
 			} elseif ( isset( $sibling['key'] ) && isset( $clause['key'] ) && $sibling['key'] === $clause['key'] ) {
 				$compatible_compares = array( '!=', 'NOT IN', 'NOT LIKE' );
 			}
 
 			$clause_compare  = strtoupper( $clause['compare'] );
 			$sibling_compare = strtoupper( $sibling['compare'] );
 			if ( in_array( $clause_compare, $compatible_compares, true ) && in_array( $sibling_compare, $compatible_compares, true ) ) {
 				$alias = $sibling['alias'];
 				break;
 			}
 		}
 
 		/**
 		 * Filters the table alias identified as compatible with the current clause.
 		 *
 		 * @since 4.1.0
 		 *
 		 * @param string|false  $alias        Table alias, or false if none was found.
 		 * @param array         $clause       First-order query clause.
 		 * @param array         $parent_query Parent of $clause.
 		 * @param WP_Meta_Query $this         WP_Meta_Query object.
 		 */
 		return apply_filters( 'meta_query_find_compatible_table_alias', $alias, $clause, $parent_query, $this );
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Checks whether the current query has any OR relations.
 	 *
 	 * In some cases, the presence of an OR relation somewhere in the query will require
 	 * the use of a `DISTINCT` or `GROUP BY` keyword in the `SELECT` clause. The current
 	 * method can be used in these cases to determine whether such a clause is necessary.
 	 *
 	 * @since 4.3.0
 	 *
 	 * @return bool True if the query contains any `OR` relations, otherwise false.
 	 */
 	public function has_or_relation() {
 		return $this->has_or_relation;
 	}
 }